Freedom Of Navigation Vs Soverignty: Dampak Eskalasi Militer Di Selat Hormuz Terhadap Pasar Energi Global
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55681/seikat.v5i5.4633Keywords:
Selat Hormuz, freedom of navigation, sovereignty, transit passage, UNCLOS 1982, keamanan energi, IndonesiaAbstract
Selat Hormuz merupakan salah satu chokepoint maritim paling strategis dalam sistem perdagangan energi dunia. Persoalan hukumnya terletak pada ketegangan antara kedaulatan negara pantai atas perairan selat dan kebebasan navigasi internasional, khususnya rezim lintas transit (transit passage) dalam United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS). Artikel ini menganalisis kedudukan hukum lintas transit di Selat Hormuz, hubungan antara sovereignty dan freedom of navigation, serta implikasi eskalasi militer terhadap pasar energi global dan ketahanan ekonomi Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan politik-ekonomi internasional. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa status sebagai perairan yang berada di bawah kedaulatan negara pantai tidak dengan sendirinya menghapus rezim khusus lintas transit. Pasal 34, 37, 38, 42, dan terutama Pasal 44 UNCLOS membentuk keseimbangan antara sovereignty negara pantai dan kepentingan navigasi internasional. Persoalan menjadi lebih kompleks karena Iran menandatangani tetapi belum meratifikasi UNCLOS, sehingga dasar keberlakuan rezim transit passage terhadap Iran perlu dianalisis juga melalui hukum kebiasaan internasional dan praktik negara. Secara ekonomi-politik, gangguan di Hormuz berpotensi memengaruhi harga minyak, LNG, biaya pelayaran, inflasi, nilai tukar, dan kebijakan fiskal negara importir. Bagi Indonesia, konsekuensi tersebut menempatkan ketahanan energi, stabilitas makroekonomi, dan diplomasi maritim sebagai satu rangkaian kebijakan yang saling terkait. Artikel ini menawarkan novelty berupa integrasi analisis hukum laut dengan pendekatan geopolitik energi dan ketahanan ekonomi Indonesia, serta menempatkan Hormuz sebagai studi mengenai batas kedaulatan dalam tata kelola chokepoint maritim global.
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