Urgensi Pembentukan Pengadilan Medis di Indonesia Berdasarkan Prinsip Keadilan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55681/seikat.v5i5.3944Keywords:
pengadilan medis, kelalaian medis, prinsip keadilan, spesialisasi peradilan, hukum kesehatanAbstract
Sengketa medis di Indonesia diperiksa dan diputus oleh peradilan umum yang hakimnya memiliki kompetensi hukum tetapi tidak memiliki kompetensi biomedis, sehingga batas antara risiko medis yang tidak terhindarkan dan kelalaian medis yang dapat dipersalahkan kerap tidak berhasil ditentukan. Penelitian ini menganalisis urgensi pembentukan pengadilan medis khusus di Indonesia berdasarkan prinsip keadilan. Penelitian bersifat yuridis normatif (doktrinal) dengan pendekatan filsafat, sejarah, kasus, perundang-undangan dan konsep. Bahan hukum primer meliputi Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman, Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan, Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 dan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 3 Tahun 2025; bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur internasional bereputasi yang ditelusuri melalui mesin pencari akademik. Diperoleh tiga temuan. Secara filosofis, pengadilan medis merupakan instrumen epistemik negara untuk menemukan kebenaran materiil pada sengketa yang substrat faktualnya bersifat ilmiah; secara ontologis melembagakan keahlian, secara epistemologis menggantikan pertarungan ahli para pihak dengan ahli netral yang ditunjuk pengadilan, dan secara aksiologis mengoperasionalkan prioritas keadilan atas kemanfaatan dan kepastian menurut Radbruch serta dua prinsip keadilan Rawls. Secara konseptual, pengadilan medis sebaiknya dibentuk sebagai pengadilan khusus dalam lingkungan peradilan umum di bawah Mahkamah Agung, dengan majelis hibrida, panel ahli netral, standar avoidability untuk ganti rugi perdata dan culpa lata sebagai ambang pidana. Secara mekanistik, pembentukannya menuntut harmonisasi norma Pasal 304–308 Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023, undang-undang tersendiri, sertifikasi hakim dan uji coba bertahap.
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PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman.
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 3 Tahun 2025 tentang Disiplin Profesi Tenaga Medis dan Tenaga Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
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