Free Nutritious Meals, Political Legitimacy, and Capability Expansion in Indonesia

Muhammad Syahghozy Boyke

doi:10.55681/seikat.v5i3.2338

Authors

Muhammad Syahghozy Boyke Universitas Diponegoro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55681/seikat.v5i3.2338

Keywords:

Makanan Bergizi Gratis, Populisme Kesejahteraan, Pendekatan Kemampuan, Tata Kelola Kebijakan Sosial, Indonesia

Abstract

Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) Indonesia merupakan inisiatif kesejahteraan utama setelah pemilihan presiden 2024. Artikel ini mengkaji MBG sebagai intervensi gizi, instrumen kesejahteraan elektoral, atau mekanisme kebijakan yang memperluas kebebasan substantif, menggunakan analisis kebijakan interpretatif kualitatif. Analisis mengungkapkan sifat ganda MBG: menawarkan manfaat pembangunan sekaligus selaras dengan kepentingan elektoral. Skala fiskal dan politik program ini, yang ditunjukkan oleh alokasi awal sebesar Rp 71 triliun, proyeksi perluasan menjadi Rp 171 triliun, dan target untuk menjangkau 82,9 juta penerima manfaat pada tahun 2029, sangat luar biasa. Namun, beberapa kendala—peluncuran yang cepat, tata kelola terpusat, partisipasi masyarakat sipil yang terbatas, cakupan geografis yang tidak merata, dan kontroversi keamanan pangan—membatasi kapasitas MBG untuk mengubah penyediaan makanan menjadi kemampuan warga yang berkelanjutan, yang menjadi landasan argumen tentang potensi transformatif dan keterbatasannya. Studi ini berpendapat bahwa MBG menggambarkan fungsi ganda populisme kesejahteraan: dapat meningkatkan gizi, partisipasi sekolah, dan ekonomi lokal, tetapi juga dapat memperkuat legitimasi dan ketergantungan eksekutif jika tidak ada akuntabilitas yang kuat. Dampak transformatif program ini bergantung pada pergeseran menuju tata kelola yang berpusat pada kemampuan, kesetaraan teritorial, penegakan keamanan pangan yang kuat, dan pemberdayaan penerima manfaat. Hal ini memperjelas argumen utama dan kondisi untuk efektivitas MBG.

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