Cradle-to-Use Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel-Electric and Conventional Diesel Mining Haul Trucks: A Real-World Comparison of BELAZ 75135 and Komatsu HD785-7 in Indonesia

Azali Almi Batrou; Maulana Yusuf; M. Taufik Toha; Eddy Ibrahim

doi:10.55681/armada.v4i10.4409

Authors

Azali Almi Batrou Master Program of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Maulana Yusuf Master Program of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia
M. Taufik Toha Master Program of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Eddy Ibrahim Master Program of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55681/armada.v4i10.4409

Keywords:

Life Cycle Assessment, Mining Haul Truck, Diesel-Electric, BELAZ 75135, Komatsu HD785-7, Recipe 2016, Tonne-Kilometre

Abstract

This study compares the cradle-to-use environmental impacts of a BELAZ 75135 diesel-electric haul truck and a Komatsu HD785-7 diesel-mechanical truck using actual operating data from an Indonesian open-pit coal mine. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted using SimaPro 10.5, ecoinvent 3.12, and ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H), with 1 tonne-kilometre (tkm) as the functional unit. Manufacturing, transportation, and operational phases were assessed across four environmental impact categories. Based on January–June 2026 data, BELAZ generated higher global warming impacts (0.5178 versus 0.4320 kg CO₂-eq/tkm), energy consumption (4.924 versus 4.140 MJ/tkm), and lower transport productivity (524.6 versus 617.0 tkm/h). BELAZ also exhibited higher fine particulate matter formation (+19.91%), terrestrial acidification (+20.03%), and terrestrial ecotoxicity (+23.54%). The operational phase dominated most impacts, contributing approximately 97–98% to global warming, particulate formation, and acidification, and 85–88% to ecotoxicity. Manufacturing contributed more substantially to terrestrial ecotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that diesel-electric architecture does not necessarily reduce environmental impacts under actual mining conditions. Battery-related manufacturing impacts were excluded because the BELAZ configuration has no traction battery.

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