Desain Kebijakan Berbasis Kapasitas dalam Tata Kelola Sertifikasi Pekebun Sawit Mandiri
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55681/seikat.v5i4.2791Keywords:
Desain Kebijakan, Kapasitas Tata Kelola, Sertifikasi, Pekebun Sawit Mandiri, Sawit Berkelanjutan, Tata Kelola DaerahAbstract
Pekebun sawit mandiri memiliki posisi penting dalam tata kelola sawit berkelanjutan, tetapi kebijakan sertifikasi sering berangkat dari asumsi bahwa kepatuhan dapat dicapai ketika standar sudah tersedia. Artikel ini mengkaji sertifikasi sebagai instrumen kebijakan publik yang bergantung pada kapasitas tata kelola, bukan sekadar kepatuhan administratif. Dengan menggunakan tinjauan literatur integratif, sumber akademik dan dokumen kebijakan terpilih disintesis melalui lima klaster tematik, yaitu standar sertifikasi, kesiapan pekebun, insentif ekonomi, koordinasi multiaktor, dan kapasitas kebijakan lokal. Sintesis menunjukkan bahwa hambatan sertifikasi dibentuk oleh ketimpangan legalitas lahan, kelembagaan pekebun yang lemah, kualitas data yang terbatas, pendampingan jangka pendek, insentif yang belum pasti, koordinasi yang terfragmentasi, serta kepercayaan kelembagaan yang belum merata. Kabupaten Kutai Timur digunakan sebagai konteks kebijakan lokal ilustratif karena dokumen perencanaan dan RAD KSB daerah tersebut memuat penguatan data, kapasitas pekebun, Internal Control System, penyelesaian sengketa, percepatan ISPO, dan akses pasar. Artikel ini berkontribusi pada kajian Administrasi Publik dengan menempatkan sertifikasi sebagai desain kebijakan berbasis kapasitas.
Downloads
References
Abdul Majid, N., Ramli, Z., Md Sum, S., & Awang, A. H. (2021). Sustainable palm oil certification scheme frameworks and impacts: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 13(6), 3263. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063263
Abideen, A. Z., Sundram, V. P. K., & Sorooshian, S. (2023). Scope for sustainable development of small holder farmers in the palm oil supply chain: A systematic literature review and thematic scientific mapping. Logistics, 7(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics7010006
Anugrah, A. R. S. (2023). Sinkronisasi kebijakan kelapa sawit berkelanjutan. Jurnal Kebijakan Publik, 14(3), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.31258/jkp.v14i3.8310
Apriani, E., Kim, Y.-S., Fisher, L. A., & Baral, H. (2020). Non-state certification of smallholders for sustainable palm oil in Sumatra, Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 99, 105112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105112
Austin, K. G., Mosnier, A., Pirker, J., McCallum, I., Fritz, S., & Kasibhatla, P. S. (2017). Shifting patterns of oil palm-driven deforestation in Indonesia and implications for zero-deforestation commitments. Land Use Policy, 69, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.036
Ayompe, L. M., Schaafsma, M., & Egoh, B. N. (2021). Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik kelapa sawit Indonesia 2022. BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Kutai Timur. (2025). Kabupaten Kutai Timur dalam angka 2025. BPS Kabupaten Kutai Timur.
Bager, S. L., & Lambin, E. F. (2022). How do companies implement their zero-deforestation commitments? Journal of Cleaner Production, 375, 134056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134056
Bishop, K. J., & Carlson, K. M. (2022). The role of third-party audits in ensuring producer compliance with the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification system. Environmental Research Letters, 17(9). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8b96
Brandão, F., Schoneveld, G., Pacheco, P., Vieira, I., Piraux, M., & Mota, D. (2021). The challenge of reconciling conservation and development in the tropics: Lessons from Brazil’s oil palm governance model. World Development, 139, 105268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105268
Brandi, C., Cabani, T., Hosang, C., Schirmbeck, S., Westermann, L., & Wiese, H. (2015). Sustainability standards for palm oil: Challenges for smallholder certification under the RSPO. The Journal of Environment & Development, 24(3), 292–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496515593775
Cairney, P. (2020). Understanding public policy: Theories and issues (2nd ed.). Red Globe Press.
Capano, G., & Howlett, M. (2020). The knowns and unknowns of policy instrument analysis: Policy tools and the current research agenda on policy mixes. Sage Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900568
Cejudo, G. M., & Michel, C. L. (2021). Instruments for policy integration: How policy mixes work together. SAGE Open, 11(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032161
de Vos, R. E., Suwarno, A., Slingerland, M., van der Meer, P. J., & Lucey, J. M. (2023). Pre-certification conditions of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia: Assessing prospects for RSPO certification. Land Use Policy, 130, 106660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106660
Denashurya, N. I., Nurliza, N., Dolorosa, E., Kurniati, D., & Suswati, D. (2023). Overcoming barriers to ISPO certification: Analyzing the drivers of sustainable agricultural adoption among farmers. Sustainability, 15(23), 16507. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316507
Dharmawan, A. H., Mardiyaningsih, D. I., Rahmadian, F., Yulian, B. E., Komarudin, H., Pacheco, P., Ghazoul, J., & Amalia, R. (2021). The agrarian, structural and cultural constraints of smallholders’ readiness for sustainability standards implementation: The case of Indonesian sustainable palm oil in East Kalimantan. Sustainability, 13(5), 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052611
Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Kutai Timur. (2024). Luas areal, produksi, produktivitas dan tenaga kerja perkebunan tahun 2024: Angka sementara. Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Kutai Timur.
Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Kutai Timur & Universitas Gadjah Mada. (2025). Kajian optimalisasi produksi dan produktivitas kelapa sawit rakyat dalam mendukung hilirisasi di Kabupaten Kutai Timur. Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Kutai Timur.
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. (2022). Sertifikasi ISPO, bentuk penguatan dan peningkatan keberterimaan produk kelapa sawit Indonesia secara global. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. https://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/sertifikasi-ispo-bentuk-penguatan-dan-peningkatan-keberterimaan-produk-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-secara-global/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2014). Smallholder and family farmers. FAO.
Gallemore, C., Jespersen, K., & Olmsted, P. (2022). Harnessing relational values for global value chain sustainability: Reframing the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil’s offset mechanism to support smallholders. Ecological Economics, 193, 107303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107303
Gaveau, D. L. A., Locatelli, B., Salim, M. A., Husnayaen, Manurung, T., Descals, A., Angelsen, A., Meijaard, E., & Sheil, D. (2022). Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0266178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266178
Grabs, J., Cammelli, F., Levy, S. A., & Garrett, R. D. (2021). Designing effective and equitable zero-deforestation supply chain policies. Global Environmental Change, 70, 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102357
Hendrawan, D., & Musshoff, O. (2024). Smallholders’ preferred attributes in a subsidy program for replanting overaged oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 224, 108278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108278
Howlett, M. (2019). Designing public policies: Principles and instruments (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (Eds.). (2018). Routledge handbook of policy design. Routledge.
Jelsma, I., Schoneveld, G. C., Zoomers, A., & van Westen, A. C. M. (2017). Unpacking Indonesia’s independent oil palm smallholders: An actor-disaggregated approach to identifying environmental and social performance challenges. Land Use Policy, 69, 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.012
Mettauer, R., Baron, V., Demitria, P., Smit, H., Alamsyah, Z., Penot, E., & Thoumazeau, A. (2021). Investigating the links between management practices and economic performances of smallholders’ oil palm plots: A case study in Jambi province, Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 194, 103274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103274
Meuleman, L. (2019). Metagovernance for sustainability: A framework for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Routledge.
Monzon, J. P., Slingerland, M. A., Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Oberthür, T., Andrade, J. F., Couëdel, A., Rattalino Edreira, J. I., Hekman, W., & Grassini, P. (2021). Fostering a climate-smart intensification for oil palm. Nature Sustainability, 4, 595–601. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00700-y
Naylor, R. L., Higgins, M. M., Edwards, R. B., & Falcon, W. P. (2019). Decentralization and the environment: Assessing smallholder oil palm development in Indonesia. Ambio, 48, 1195–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1135-7
Nurfatriani, F., Ramawati, R., Sari, G. K., Saputra, W., & Komarudin, H. (2022). Oil palm economic benefit distribution to regions for environmental sustainability: Indonesia’s revenue-sharing scheme. Land, 11(9), 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091452
OECD. (2020). Rural well-being: Geography of opportunities. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/d25cef80-en
Ogahara, Z., Jespersen, K., Theilade, I., & Reinhard, M. (2022). Review of smallholder palm oil sustainability reveals limited positive impacts and identifies key implementation and knowledge gaps. Land Use Policy, 120, 106258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106258
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pasaribu, S. I., Vanclay, F., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Challenges to implementing socially sustainable community development in oil palm and forestry operations in Indonesia. Land, 9(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030061
Pemerintah Kabupaten Kutai Timur. (2021). Rencana Perkebunan Berkelanjutan Kabupaten Kutai Timur 2021–2030. Pemerintah Kabupaten Kutai Timur.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Kutai Timur. (2024). Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kutai Timur Nomor 7 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah Tahun 2025–2045. Pemerintah Kabupaten Kutai Timur.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Kutai Timur. (2025). Peraturan Bupati Kutai Timur Nomor 38 Tahun 2025 tentang Rencana Aksi Daerah Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan Tahun 2025–2026. Pemerintah Kabupaten Kutai Timur.
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2025 tentang Sistem Sertifikasi Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan Indonesia. (2025). Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2025 Nomor 28.
Peters, B. G. (2018). The challenge of policy coordination. Policy Design and Practice, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1437946
Pramudya, E. P., Wibowo, L. R., Nurfatriani, F., Nawireja, I. K., Kurniasari, D. R., Hutabarat, S., Kadarusman, Y. B., Iswardhani, A. O., & Rukaiyah. (2022). Incentives for palm oil smallholders in mandatory certification in Indonesia. Land, 11(4), 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040576
Putri, E. I. K., Dharmawan, A. H., Hospes, O., Yulian, B. E., Amalia, R., Mardiyaningsih, D. I., Kinseng, R. A., Tonny, F., Pramudya, E. P., Rahmadian, F., & Suradiredja, D. Y. (2022). The oil palm governance: Challenges of sustainability policy in Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(3), 1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031820
Reed, J., Chervier, C., Borah, J. R., Gumbo, D., Moombe, K., & Sunderland, T. (2023). Co-producing theory of change to operationalize integrated landscape approaches. Sustainability Science, 18, 839–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01190-3
Reich, C., & Musshoff, O. (2025). Oil palm smallholders and the road to certification: Insights from Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management, 375, 124303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124303
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. (2024). RSPO impact report 2024: Partners for the next 20, innovating for impact. RSPO.
Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Sunderland, T., Langston, J. D., Reed, J., Riggs, R., Buck, L. E., Campbell, B. M., & Kusters, K. (2017). Measuring the effectiveness of landscape approaches to conservation and development. Sustainability Science, 12, 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0415-z
Schleifer, P., & Sun, Y. (2020). Reviewing the impact of sustainability certification on food security in developing countries. Global Food Security, 24, 100337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100337
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1).
Watts, J. D., Pasaribu, K., Irawan, S., Tacconi, L., Martanila, H., Wiratama, C. G. W., Musthofa, F. K., Sugiarto, B. S., & Manvi, U. P. (2021). Challenges faced by smallholders in achieving sustainable palm oil certification in Indonesia. World Development, 146, 105565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105565
World Bank. (2023). Detox development: Repurposing environmentally harmful subsidies. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1916-2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Warsino Warsino, Indah Susilowati, Ida Hayu Dwimawanti, Amni Zarkasyi Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
