Empowerment, Organizational Trust, Citizenship Behavior, and Police Personnel Performance in Indonesia

Yoshimata Judoningrat Surya Manggala; Sukisno Selamet Riadi; Ariesta Heksarini

doi:10.55681/armada.v4i10.4866

Authors

Yoshimata Judoningrat Surya Manggala Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia
Sukisno Selamet Riadi Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia
Ariesta Heksarini Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55681/armada.v4i10.4866

Keywords:

Empowerment, Organizational Trust, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Personnel Performance, Policing

Abstract

Police organizations must reconcile hierarchical control with discretion and voluntary cooperation. This study examines the relationships between empowerment, organizational trust, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and personnel performance among non-commissioned police officers. A cross-sectional survey of 384 officers from the East Kalimantan Regional Police, Indonesia, was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Empowerment and organizational trust were positively associated with both OCB and personnel performance, while OCB was also positively associated with performance. Empowerment showed its strongest association with OCB (β = 0.458). The model explained 39.5% of the variance in OCB and 47.9% in personnel performance. The findings indicate that legitimate discretion and trustworthy organizational relationships can support voluntary contribution without displacing formal accountability. The study extends social exchange reasoning to a hierarchical policing setting and offers bounded empowerment as a conceptual interpretation of responsible frontline agency.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbasi, A., & Wan Ismail, W. K. (2023). Linking organizational citizenship behavior and organizational trust towards reducing workplace deviance behavior in higher education. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), Article 2157538. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2157538

Aguinis, H. (2023). Performance management (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Alhammadi, A., & Elanain, H. A. M. (2024). Enhancing organizational citizenship behavior in a non-western context of the UAE: The role of organizational justice, leadership and psychological empowerment. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-08-2023-0310

Anders, R., Frapsauce, A., Sauvezon, C., & Gilibert, D. (2024). Police officer occupational health: A model of organizational constraints, trauma exposure, perceived resources, and agency. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-024-00444-3

Armstrong, M. (2022). Armstrong's handbook of performance management: An evidence-based guide to performance leadership (7th ed.). Kogan Page.

Casu, G., Mariani, M., Chiesa, R., Guglielmi, D., & Gremigni, P. (2021). The role of organizational citizenship behavior and gender between job satisfaction and task performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189499

Cohen, N., Lotta, G., Alcadipani, R., & Lazebnik, T. (2023). Trust and street-level bureaucrats' willingness to risk their lives for others: The case of Brazilian law enforcement. The American Review of Public Administration, 54(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231200468

Dai, Y., Tang, Y. M., Chen, W., & Hou, J. (2022). How organizational trust impacts organizational citizenship behavior: Organizational identification and employee loyalty as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 996962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.996962

Dai, Y., Tang, Y., Chen, W.-N., & Hou, J. (2022). How organizational trust impacts organizational citizenship behavior: Organizational identification and employee loyalty as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 996962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.996962

De Maillard, J., & Savage, S. (2021). Performance mechanisms meet professional autonomy: Performance management and professional discretion within police investigation departments. Policing and Society, 32(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1888949

Dennerlein, T., & Kirkman, B. L. (2023). The forgotten side of empowering others: How lower social structural empowerment attenuates the effects of empowering leadership on employee psychological empowerment and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(11), 1856–1880. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001100

Dirks, K. T., & De Jong, B. (2021). Trust within the workplace: A review of two waves of research and a glimpse of the third. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 247–276. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-083025

Fein, E. C., & McKenna, B. (2022). Depleted dedication, lowered organisation citizenship behaviours, and illegitimate tasks in police officers. Journal of Management & Organization, 30(5), 1264–1286. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.68

Flinchbaugh, C., Miles, J., Javadizadeh, B., Liang, Y., & Smith, W. L. (2024). Examining firefighter and police officers' trust and service quality: What resources matter? Journal of Management & Organization, 30, 2126–2148. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2023.69

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.

Gill, H., Vreeker-Williamson, E., Hing, L. S. S., Cassidy, S. A., & Boies, K. (2024). Effects of cognition-based and affect-based trust attitudes on trust intentions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 39, 1355–1374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-024-09986-z

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.

Härenstam, A., Björk, L., & Corin, L. (2024). Trust chains in public sector organizations and their significance for work unit performance and employee turnover intention. International Public Management Journal, 27(6), 921–947. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2024.2322142

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., & Mathieu, J. (2020). Improving employee performance by developing empowering leaders and companies. Behavioral Science & Policy, 6(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600103

Lin, M., Xie, M., & Li, Z. (2023). Organizational error tolerance and change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of public service motivation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 4133–4153. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S431373

Llorente-Alonso, M., García-Ael, C., & Topa, G. (2023). A meta-analysis of psychological empowerment: Antecedents, organizational outcomes, and moderating variables. Current Psychology, 43, 1759–1784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04369-8

Monje-Amor, A., Xanthopoulou, D., Calvo, N., & Abeal Vázquez, J. P. (2021). Structural empowerment, psychological empowerment, and work engagement: A cross-country study. European Management Journal, 39(6), 779–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.01.005

Orgambídez, A., Benítez, M., León-Pérez, J. M., & Cantero-Sánchez, F. J. (2024). Structural empowerment, personal initiative, and job satisfaction in service employees: Exploring the mediating role of psychological empowerment. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 65(5), 911–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.13040

Pasaribu, S. B., Goestjahjanti, F. S., Srinita, S., Novitasari, D., & Haryanto, B. (2022). The role of situational leadership on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and employee performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 13,896539. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.896539

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Qalati, S. A., Zafar, Z., Fan, M., Limón, M. L. S., & Khaskheli, M. (2022). Employee performance under transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: A mediated model. Heliyon, 8(11), e11374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11374

Richardson, H. A., Kluemper, D. H., & Taylor, S. G. (2021). Too little and too much authority sharing: Differential relationships with psychological empowerment and in-role and extra-role performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(8), 1099–1119. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2548

Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In Handbook of market research (pp. 587–632). Springer.

Sarwar, N., Haider, S., Akhtar, M. H., & Bakhsh, K. (2023). Moderated-mediation between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of psychological empowerment and high performance managerial practices. Management Research Review, 46(5), 649–666. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2021-0528

Solinas-Saunders, M., Lambert, E. G., Haynes, S. H., Haynes, L. D., Leone, M. C., & May, D. C. (2024). The association between organizational justice and organizational trust among correctional staff. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 51(5), 707–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548241232227

Sorrentino, D., Ruggiero, P., & Mussari, R. (2023). Agents and logics in community policing: The designing of performance measures. Public Management Review, 25(9), 1640–1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2230989

Sridadi, A. R., Eliyana, A., Priyandini, F. A., Pratama, A. S., Ajija, S. R., & Kamil, N. L. M. (2023). Examining antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior: An empirical study in Indonesian police context. PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0291815. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291815

Tagliabue, M., Sigurjonsdottir, S. S., & Sandaker, I. (2020). The effects of performance feedback on organizational citizenship behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(6), 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1796647

Tharanganie, M. G., & Perera, G. D. N. (2021). The role of psychological empowerment on human resource-related performance outcomes among Generation Y employees in the hotel industry in Sri Lanka. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(3), 368–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2021.1923916

Vanhala, M., & Tzafrir, S. S. (2021). Organisational trust and performance in different contexts. Knowledge and Process Management, 28(4), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1681

Woodruff, T. (2022). Organizational citizenship behavior in the military context: Are we missing the mark? Military Psychology, 36(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2063007

Worku, M. A., & Debela, K. L. (2024). A systematic literature review on organizational citizenship behavior: Conceptualization, antecedents, and future research directions. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), Article 2350804. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2350804

Xu, Q., Liu, S., & Huang, H. (2024). Psychological empowerment and challenge-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: A dual process model. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1432260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1432260