Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: A Geographically Weighted Panel Regression Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55681/economina.v5i9.4435Keywords:
Female labour force participation, Education, Minimum wage, Investment, GWPR, Spatial heterogeneityAbstract
This study examines how mean years of schooling (MYS), the provincial minimum wage (PMW), economic growth, domestic direct investment (DDI), and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect the female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) in Indonesia’s 38 provinces during 2018–2024. Secondary panel data were analysed using panel regression and Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR). The Chow and Hausman tests selected the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), in which PMW, DDI, and FDI have positive and significant effects, whereas MYS and economic growth are not significant (R² = 0.190). Moran’s I and Breusch–Pagan tests confirmed spatial dependence and heterogeneity. The GWPR model with an adaptive bisquare kernel raised R² to 0.861 and shows that MYS is significant in 29 provinces, PMW in 19, FDI in 17, and DDI in 7, while economic growth is insignificant everywhere; policies should be province-specific.
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