Growth Without Equity? Evaluating Regional Disparities in a Mining-Dependent District Using Williamson Index, Klassen Typology, and Paired Samples T-Test

Kiran Larasati Khumairah; M . Firmansyah M . Firmansyah

doi:10.55681/economina.v5i9.4234

Authors

Kiran Larasati Khumairah Universitas Mataram, Indonesia
M . Firmansyah Universitas Mataram, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55681/economina.v5i9.4234

Keywords:

Regional Disparity, Williamson Index, Klassen Typology, Resource-Rich Region, Enclave Economy

Abstract

This study evaluates inter-regional development disparities in West Nusa Tenggara Province, with West Sumbawa Regency as the focus, given its economic structure that is highly dependent on the mining sector. Using a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach over the 2019-2024 period, this study applies the Williamson Index to measure inter-regional inequality, the Klassen Typology to classify the ten regencies/cities of West Nusa Tenggara based on economic growth and GRDP per capita, and Paired Samples t-tests to compare KSB’s human development, unemployment, and poverty indicators with each of the nine comparison regions. The results show that the Williamson Index remained high throughout 2019-2024 (0.555-0.790), indicating persistent regional inequality. West Sumbawa Regency was the only region classified in Quadrant I (advanced and fast-growing), recording 12.01% economic growth and a GRDP per capita of Rp235.09 million in 2024, far above the provincial average, while eight of the nine other regions fell into Quadrant IV and none reached Quadrant III. The Paired Samples t-test results indicate that West Sumbawa Regency Human Development Index was significantly higher than seven of nine comparison regions, yet its unemployment rate and poverty rate were not consistently lower than those of other regions. These findings point to an abundance paradox and features consistent with an enclave economy, in which strong output growth driven by the mining sector has not been fully matched by equitable distribution of employment and poverty-reduction benefits. The results suggest that resource-based regional development policy needs to be directed toward strengthening local economic linkages, sectoral diversification, and workforce development, alongside further research using input-output or value-chain analysis to test the enclave-economy hypothesis more rigorously.

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